What is thermal ghosting?
In the context of built structures, ghosting refers to those dark and often unexplainable streaks and patches on walls, ceilings and carpets. Also known as thermal tracking or bridging, this phenomenon can be unsightly and a cause for concern for the residents.
In Australia, ghosting is most often seen in states with colder winters, and not regularly reported in Queensland and Western Australia.
The most common form of ghosting appears in the homes of smokers, where dark outlines often remain on walls when pictures or paintings are removed after some time. Ghosting can also occur in non-smoking environments, but usually it is still caused by the actions of the inhabitants.
Ghost marks are often confused with mould build-up, but without the tell-tale odour you are probably dealing with something other than mould. Some of the root causes of mould and ghosting are the same though, and those marks warrant further investigation.
What are they?
Ghost spots or thermal ghosting are caused by a combination of moisture, condensation, cold spots, static electricity, air currents, and a good supply of dust, soot, and other particles drifting in the air.
Generally, there are three root causes of ghosting:
- High indoor humidity
- Air gaps in the thermal envelope
- Static electricity
High indoor humidity: Ensure adequate ventilation
The amount of moisture that air can hold depends on the temperature of the air. As the temperature goes down, the air is able to hold less moisture and condensation will form on cold surfaces.
The first line of defence against condensation is reducing the amount of moisture by improving ventilation. Under ideal circumstances, excess moisture will escape from the interior of the building through air vents, open windows and openings such as chimneys.
Unfortunately, natural ventilation is often reduced during cold winters because windows are kept closed. The problem can be exacerbated by the indoor activities of inhabitants such as using tumble dryers, overusing humidifiers, drying wet clothing on a rack, showering without turning on the extractor fan or cooking without operating the exhaust hood. Log fires are also known to release moisture into the air.
Inadequate ventilation and condensation create the perfect environment for mould to take hold and should always be addressed. Visible condensation on walls and windows is the first sign that problems may lie ahead.
Air gaps in the envelope: Address cold spots
Ghost marks often appear in perfectly straight lines or well-defined blocks, indicating the location of studs, joists or even plasterboard screws in the structure. These components are naturally poor insulators, leading to the formation of corresponding cold spots in the wall or ceiling.
Condensation forms on these cold spots and airborne particles cling to the dampness, leading to a build-up of particles over time.
Ghost marks on ceilings often reveal gaps in the thermal envelope or insulation. Insulation is generally good in keeping the ceiling warmer than dew-point temperature (the temperature at which condensation will form on that surface). A break in the insulation may lead to a cold spot.
When ghosting appears, a thorough inspection of the insulation is recommended. If gaps are found, extra insulation should be added in these areas.
Static electricity: Keep the balance
Too little moisture in the air can also contribute to dark spots forming on walls and ceilings. Dry air can increase the build-up of static electricity, which will electrically charge the dust particles, making them more likely to cling to indoor surfaces. Again, this may become an issue in winters when heaters dry out the indoor air.
It’s a balancing act. To avoid ghosting, internal air humidity should not be too high or too low.
What causes the build-up?
It’s impossible to live completely dust-free, but there are some culprits that lead to quicker build-up of ghost marks. Indoor cigarette smoking is a big one, as is the burning of incense.
Scented candles may be innocent looking, but they are the most common cause of indoor soot besides tobacco use, especially when made of soft wax.
A logical first step in addressing ghosting is to eliminate or reduce these sources of soot in combination with improving indoor ventilation.
General cleaning, including frequent vacuuming, will help to minimise the usual household dust.
How to get rid of ghost spots
The first instinct in getting rid of ghost marks may be to cover them with paint, but that will only be a temporary fix. Before painting, the walls and ceiling will need to be cleaned properly and given time to dry.
Unless the root causes are addressed, the ghost marks will reappear after some time. Fixing the underlying issues can also protect the building from mould, which could be a more serious and costly problem.
